在北京大学200 TW激光系统上，测量了经可编程声光色散滤波器不同程度光谱调制后放大器输出脉冲的频域分布，并设计了一个与脉冲中心波长、光谱宽度等参数相关的光谱调制函数拟合了实验测得的光谱数据。该函数形式简单，适用于不同的激光系统。对实验系统中种子脉冲经光谱调制后从放大器输出的光谱结果进行了数值模拟，对比研究了普通种子脉冲和光谱调制脉冲经放大器增益后时域空间内的物理性质；讨论了光谱调制对系统最终输出脉冲峰值功率的影响。结果表明：光谱调制会导致脉冲旁瓣的产生，降低系统输出脉冲的有效能量和飞秒对比度，系统输出脉冲为平顶光谱时，其有效输出峰值功率最大。

介绍一种使用闪烁体耦合电子倍增电荷耦合器件（EMCCD）的方式对离子进行记录的汤姆逊能谱仪，可实现对离子能谱的实时单发测量。同时，该谱仪利用倾斜电极板对离子进行偏转，可减少由于离子打在电极板上产生的电磁噪声，能够提高实验结果的信噪比。该谱仪在北京大学4.5 MV静电加速器和2×6 MV串列加速器上进行了标定实验，测量了闪烁体将离子转化成光子后的探测效率，实验结果也验证了该谱仪的可行性和稳定性。该汤姆逊谱仪将用于北京大学激光加速器CLAPA对离子束流的测量研究。

In this letter, we discuss the increase in the average cluster size by lowering the stagnation temperature of the methane (CH4) gas. The Coulomb explosion experiments are conducted to estimate the cluster size and the size distribution. The average CH4 cluster sizes Nav of 6 230 and 6 580 are acquired with the source conditions of 30 bars at 240 K and 60 bars at 296 K, respectively. Empirical estimation suggests a five-fold increase in the average size of the CH4 clusters at 240 K compared with that at room temperature under a backing pressure of 30 bars. A strong nonlinear Hagena parameter relation (\Gamma *\propto T^{-3.3}) for the CH4 clusters is revealed. The results may be favorable for the production of large-sized clusters by using gases at low temperature and high back pressures.

We present three possible design options of laser plasma acceleration (LPA) for reaching a 100-GeV level energy by means of a multi-petawatt laser such as the 3.5-kJ, 500-fs PETawatt Aquitane Laser (PETAL) at French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). Based on scaling of laser wakefield acceleration in the quasi-linear regime with the normalized vector potential a0 = 1.4(1.6), acceleration to 100 (130) GeV requires a 30-m-long plasma waveguide operated at the plasma density ne \approx 7 \times 10^{15} cm^{ 3} with a channel depth \Delta n/ne=20%, while a nonlinear laser wakefield accelerator in the bubble regime with a0 \geq 2 can reach 100 GeV approximately in a 36/a0-m-long plasma through self-guiding. The third option is a hybrid concept that employs a ponderomotive channel created by a long leading pulse for guiding a short trailing driving laser pulse. The detail parameters for three options are evaluated, optimizing the operating plasma density at which a given energy gain is obtained over the dephasing length and the matched conditions for propagation of relativistic laser pulses in plasma channels, including the self-guiding. For the production of high-quality beams with 1%-level energy spread and a 1\pi-mm-mradlevel transverse normalized emittance at 100-MeV energy, a simple scheme based on the ionization-induced injection mechanism may be conceived. We investigate electron beam dynamics and effects of synchrotron radiation due to betatron motion by solving the beam dynamics equations on energy and beam radius numerically. For the bubble regime case with a0=4, radiative energy loss becomes 10% at the maximum energy of 90 GeV.

We use an electrostatic model to study the average kinetic energy of ions ejected from the pure Coulomb explosions of methane clusters (CA4)n (light atom A=H and D). It is found that the ratio of the average kinetic energy of the ions to their initial average electrostatic potential energy is irrelevant to the cluster size. This finding implies that as long as the ratio is given, the average kinetic energies of the ions can be simply estimated from their initial average electrostatic potential energies, rather than from the time-consuming simulations. The ratios for the different charge states of carbon ions are presented.